Consider this teaching scenario. A patient remains hypotensive after initial resuscitation. A passive leg raise increases stroke volume. The instinct is understandable: they are fluid responsive, so give more fluid.…
Introduction Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus characterized by hyperglycemia, ketonemia, metabolic acidosis, and severe fluid depletion. Despite the acidic pH of 0.9% Sodium Chloride (NaCl)…
Introduction Hemorrhagic shock is a life-threatening condition that remains a leading cause of preventable deaths in trauma patients, particularly in the prehospital setting (1). Defined by a critical loss of…